The J-1 category is most often compared to the F-1.
- The chief academic difference is that the J-1 provides for certain nondegree or nonenrolled educational programs not easily available to the F-1 category.
- The chief administrative and sponsorship difference is that most students who are totally funded by personal or family funds are not eligible for the J-1, while no such restriction exists for the F-1.
- Both employ the concept of "duration of status," which permits minimal administrative interruption in the academic program.
- Both provide for employment for scholarships, fellowships, assistantships, on-campus work, employment required by or related to the curriculum, and academic training (J-1) or practical training (F-1). Academic training for a J-1 is limited to 18 months (36 months for postdoctoral training) and requires a job offer. F-1 optional practical training (OPT) is limited to 12 months, but curricular practical training (CPT) offers additional opportunities for pre-completion employment related to the curriculum and no job offer is required for the awarding of postcompletion OPT.
- In general, F-1 procedures are more complex and involve applications to the USCIS.
- The J regulations require all exchange visitors and their dependents to carry health insurance; the F regulations do not specifically require F nonimmigrants to carry health insurance.
- J-2 dependents are eligible to apply for work permission in the United States, F-2 dependents are not.
- The J category may subject the participant to a two-year home country physical presence requirement. The F-1 does not.
- Vocational and nonacademic students are classified as M-1. These students generally do not qualify under the J-1 definitions and eligibility criteria as college and university students. However, depending on their fields and activities, they may qualify for J-1 Trainee status in programs that may or may not be connected with a college or university.
- SEVIS functionality is different between F/M and J. Generally F/M functions have been developed further than J functions. For example, recommending or authorizing F-1 practical training is a function in F SEVIS, but Academic Training functionality is not yet in J SEVIS.
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